PHELANDRENE L-LIMONENE – citrusy, green, resinous note with hints of lemon peel, pine needles, and sweet pepper

Limonene L- A floral, terpene-like odor with woody notes, reminiscent of jasmine. Fresh, light, and very clean. Application: Widely used in perfumery and citrus fragrances to add vivacity and freshness. It pairs very well with any other citrus notes such as bergamot, orange, lemon, mandarin, and grapefruit. A colorless, mobile liquid. Insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, and miscible with most oils. It is relatively rare in nature and is generally found in some rare species of pine, carrot seed oil, and a large number of oils from the Labiatae family (such as mint oils, etc.). Extraction of this terpene from these essential oils is generally not economically viable. Recent interest in the recovery of peppermint and rosehip oils, especially during the period of high mint oil prices in 1965-66, has stimulated research into the production of l-limonene. L-limonene is used to produce artificial mint oils and similar products. L-limonene has a fresh, light, and very clean odor that is neither citrus nor particularly piney or minty.

Limonene D - Colorless, mobile liquid. Fresh, light, and sweet citrus odor, very similar to orange peel oil. Commercial-grade limonene can be converted into "citrus terpenes," thus taking on a more orangey odor than high-purity limonene. Low lingering power. Sweet, refreshing, mellow, citrus-like, orange-like flavor. This hydrocarbon is widely used in perfumery compositions as a refreshing top note, especially in home fragrances where a citrus scent is desired or, at least, compatible with the product and its function. It can lift the mood without imparting an authentically orange character, and for this reason, it can be used in many types of fragrances, including florals, from jasmine to lavender bouquets, as well as coniferous, aldehydic, woody, fruity, or green fragrances. In detergent fragrances, it is often found together with benzyl acetate. Its additional advantage is that it is colorless. A bright yellow or orange color is often undesirable when using cold-pressed sweet orange oil in citrus fragrances. This color can fade in the perfume composition after a few months and cause changes in the color of the perfume that are not always noticeable to the consumer. It is one of the cheapest perfumery materials, but is not necessarily limited to "cheap" perfumes. Its main disadvantage is its tendency to oxidize, but this can be counteracted by using antioxidants that significantly slow the oxidation process. The combination of antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, and citric acid as a synergist is effective at concentrations significantly exceeding the permitted level and can extend the shelf life of monoterpenes with an acceptable odor from a few months to over a year under the same storage conditions. D-limonene is also used in food flavorings, primarily as a modifier in lime, fruit, and spice flavorings. The pungency that occurs when large amounts of cold-pressed orange oil are used in chewing gum can be reduced by using d-limonene, based on the theory that the pungent or "stinging" components are primarily present in the non-volatile portion of the oil, which is absent in d-limonene, a distilled product. Similar results have been observed for bergamot oil when discussing its potential skin sensitization risk. The concentration of d-limonene in finished food products typically ranges from 30 to 400 parts per million, with the exception of chewing gum, where it can reach up to 2,300 parts per million. It is produced by distilling "citrus oil" extracted from sweet oranges and grapefruits during juice processing.

Dipentene (dl-limonene) Commercial dipentene may contain about 75% dipentene. Depending on the ratio, the remainder consists of high- and low-boiling terpentine hydrocarbons. Highly flammable, but its vapors do not form explosive mixtures with air at normal operating temperatures. Insoluble in water, almost insoluble in propylene glycol and glycerin, soluble in alcohol, and miscible with most oils. Commercial dipentene contains 8-10% terpinene, a certain amount of para-cymene, and other impurities. In particular, para-cymene, being much more volatile, significantly affects the odor of commercial dipentene: it has a piney, sometimes almost kerosene-like odor. Pure dipentene has a pleasant citrus odor, almost lemony, fresh and sweet. Good-quality dipentene is very useful in perfumery as a "lifter" of citrus fragrances, as well as for the recovery of many essential oils (such as bergamot, lime, lemon, etc.). Commercial varieties are used to mask unpleasant odors in industrial applications, as well as in some types of detergents or high-potency household flavorings. It is produced by extraction (fractionation) from American pine oil and resin oils. It is also used as a by-product in the production of terpineol (especially in Europe) and in various synthetic products derived from alpha-pinene or turpentine oil.